GOLD

TRANSITION ELEMENT: COPPER GROUP

Atomic number:	79
Group numbers:	11
Period:	6
Electronic configuration:	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s¹
Formal oxidation number:	+1 +3
Electronegativities:	2.4
Atomic radius / pm:	144.2
Relative atomic mass:	196.966 569(5)

Gold has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word aurum meaning gold. It is a soft, malleable, bright yellow metal that is unaffected by air, water, alkalis and most acids. Gold is found in veins in the crust, with copper ore and native. It is used in electronics, jewellery and coins. It is a good reflector of infrared radiation, so a thin film of gold is applied to the glass of skyscrapers to reduce internal heating from sunlight. The price of 99.99 % pure gold grain is 1652.50 € for 25 g.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Density / g dm^-3:	19320	(293 K)
	17280	(m.p.)
Molar volume / cm³mol^-1:	10.19	(293 K)
	11.11	(m.p.)
Electrical resistivity / µΩcm:	2.35	(20 °C)

THERMAL PROPERTIES
Thermal conductivity / W m^-1K^-1:	317
Melting point / °C:	1064.18
Boiling point / °C:	2856
Heat of fusion / kJ mol^-1:	12.7
Heat of vaporization / kJ mol^-1:	343.1
Heat of atomization / kJ mol^-1:	365.93

IONIZATION ENERGIES
First ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:	890.13
Second ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:	1977.96
Third ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:	-

ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENT
in the atmosphere / ppm:	-
in the Earth's crust / ppm:	0.003
in the oceans / ppm:	0.000004

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA
Crystal structure:	face-centered cubic
Unit-cell dimensions / pm:	a=407.833
Space group:	Fm3m

ISOTOPES
Isotope	Relative atomic mass	Mass percent (%)
¹⁹⁷Au	196.966552(3)	100

REDUCTION POTENTIALS
Balanced half-reaction	E^o / V
Au³⁺ + 2e^- → Au⁺	+1.41
Au³⁺ + 3e^- → Au(s)	+1.50
Au⁺ + e^- → Au(s)	+1.68
AuCl₄^- + 2e^- → AuCl₂^- + 2Cl^-	+0.926
AuBr₄^- + 2e^- → AuBr₂^- + 2Br^-	+0.805
AuCl₄^- + 3e^- → Au(s) + 4Cl^-	+1.002
AuBr₄^- + 3e^- → Au(s) + 4Br^-	+0.858
AuCl₂^- + e^- → Au(s) + 2Cl^-	+1.154
AuBr₂^- + e^- → Au(s) + 2Br^-	+0.963

78 Platinum

←

79 Gold

→

80 Mercury

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Citing this page:

Generalic, Eni. "Gold." EniG. Periodic Table of the Elements. KTF-Split, 18 Jan. 2024. Web. {Date of access}. <https://www.periodni.com/au.html>.