SILVER

TRANSITION ELEMENT: COPPER GROUP

Atomic number:	47
Group numbers:	11
Period:	5
Electronic configuration:	[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s¹
Formal oxidation number:	+1
Electronegativities:	1.93
Atomic radius / pm:	144.5
Relative atomic mass:	107.8682(2)

Silver has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word argentum meaning silver. It is a silvery-ductile and malleable metal, stable in water and oxygen. Silver reacts with sulfur compounds to form black sulfides. Silver is found in ores called argentite (AgS), light ruby silver (Ag3AsS3), dark ruby silver (Ag3SbS3) and brittle silver. Pure silver is too soft to be used in jewelry, so it's commonly alloyed with other metals (typically copper) to prevent scratching and distortion. The light sensitive silver halides (AgCl, AgBr, AgI) are used to make photographic film and photographic paper. Silver is the best conductor of heat and electricity of all known metals. The price of 99.9 % pure silver shot is 406.30 € for 250 g.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Density / g dm^-3:	10500	(293 K)
	9345	(m.p.)
Molar volume / cm³mol^-1:	10.27	(293 K)
	11.54	(m.p.)
Electrical resistivity / µΩcm:	1.59	(20 °C)

THERMAL PROPERTIES
Thermal conductivity / W m^-1K^-1:	429
Melting point / °C:	961.78
Boiling point / °C:	2162
Heat of fusion / kJ mol^-1:	11.3
Heat of vaporization / kJ mol^-1:	257.7
Heat of atomization / kJ mol^-1:	284.09

IONIZATION ENERGIES
First ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:	731.01
Second ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:	2073.48
Third ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:	3360.61

ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENT
in the atmosphere / ppm:	-
in the Earth's crust / ppm:	0.08
in the oceans / ppm:	0.0003

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA
Crystal structure:	face-centered cubic
Unit-cell dimensions / pm:	a=408.626
Space group:	Fm3m

ISOTOPES
Isotope	Relative atomic mass	Mass percent (%)
¹⁰⁷Ag	106.905093(6)	51.839(7)
¹⁰⁹Ag	108.904756(3)	48.161(7)

REDUCTION POTENTIALS
Balanced half-reaction	E^o / V
Ag⁺ + e^- → Ag(s)	+0.799
Ag⁺ + e^- → Ag(s)	+0.228	(1 mol dm^-3 HCl)
Ag⁺ + e^- → Ag(s)	+0.792	(1 mol dm^-3 HClO₄)
Ag⁺ + e^- → Ag(s)	+0.77	(1 mol dm^-3 H₂SO₄)
Ag²⁺ + e^- → Ag⁺	+1.998
AgO⁺ + 2H⁺ + e^- → Ag²⁺ + H₂O	+2.016
2AgO(s) + 2H⁺ + 2e^- → Ag₂O + H₂O	+1.41
2AgO(s) + H₂O + 2e^- → Ag₂O + OH^-	+0.599
Ag₂O(s) + 2H⁺ + 2e^- → 2Ag(s) + H₂O	+1.173
Ag₂O(s) + H₂O + 2e^- → 2Ag(s) + 2OH^-	+0.342
Ag₂CrO₄(s) + 2e^- → 2Ag(s) + CrO₄^2-	+0.446
Ag₂S(s) + 2H⁺ + 2e^- → 2Ag(s) + H₂S(g)	- 0.036
Ag₂S(s) + 2e^- → 2Ag(s) + S^2-	- 0.712
AgCl(s) + e^- → Ag(s) + Cl^-	+0.222
AgCl(s) + e^- → Ag(s) + Cl^-	+0.228	(1 mol dm^-3 KCl)
AgBr(s) + e^- → Ag(s) + Br^-	+0.073
AgI(s) + e^- → Ag(s) + I^-	- 0.151
Ag(CN)₂^- + e^- → Ag(s) + 2CN^-	- 0.31
Ag(S₂O₃)₂^3- + e^- → Ag(s) + 2S₂O₃^2-	+0.017