VANADIUM
TRANSITION ELEMENT: VANADIUM GROUP
| Atomic number: | 23 |
| Group numbers: | 5 |
| Period: | 4 |
| Electronic configuration: | [Ar] 3d3 4s2 |
| Formal oxidation number: | +2 +3 +4 +5 |
| Electronegativities: | 1.63 |
| Atomic radius / pm: | 131.1 |
| Relative atomic mass: | 50.9415(1) |
Vanadium was discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio (MX) in 1801 and rediscovered by Nils Gabriel Sefstrôm (SE) in 1830. Named after Vanadis, the goddess of beauty in Scandinavian mythology. It is a soft, ductile, silvery-white metal, resistant to corrosion by moisture, air and most acids and alkalis at room temperature. Exposed surfaces form oxide coating. It reacts with concentrated acids. Vanadium is found in the minerals patronite (VS4), vanadinite [Pb5(VO4)3Cl] and carnotite [K2(UO2)2(VO4)2.3H2O]. Pure metal produced by heating with C and Cl to produce VCl3 which is heated with Mg in Ar atmosphere. It is mixed with other metals to make very strong and durable alloys. Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is used as a catalyst, dye and fixer-fixer. The price of 99.7 % pure vanadium granules is 299.90 € for 250 g.
| Density / g dm-3: | 6110 | (292 K) |
| 5550 | (m.p.) | |
| Molar volume / cm3mol-1: | 8.34 | (292 K) |
| 9.18 | (m.p.) | |
| Electrical resistivity / µΩcm: | 19.68 | (20 °C) |
| Thermal conductivity / W m-1K-1: | 30.7 |
| Melting point / °C: | 1910 |
| Boiling point / °C: | 3407 |
| Heat of fusion / kJ mol-1: | 17.6 |
| Heat of vaporization / kJ mol-1: | 459.7 |
| Heat of atomization / kJ mol-1: | 510.95 |
| First ionization energy / kJ mol-1: | 650.92 |
| Second ionization energy / kJ mol-1: | 1414.49 |
| Third ionization energy / kJ mol-1: | 2828.10 |
| in the atmosphere / ppm: | - |
| in the Earth's crust / ppm: | 230 |
| in the oceans / ppm: | 0.002 |
| Crystal structure: | body-centered cubic |
| Unit-cell dimensions / pm: | a=302.40 |
| Space group: | Im3m |
| Isotope | Relative atomic mass | Mass percent (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 50V | 49.947163(1) | 0.250(2) |
| 51V | 50.943964(1) | 99.750(2) |
| Balanced half-reaction | Eo / V | |
|---|---|---|
| V3+ + e- → V2+ | - 0.256 | |
| V3+ + e- → V2+ | - 0.21 | (1 mol dm-3 HClO4) |
| V2+ + 2e- → V(s) | - 1.18 | |
| 2VO43- + 10H+ + 4e- → V2O3 + 5H2O | +1.238 | |
| VO43- + 6H+ + 2e- → VO+ + 3H2O | +1.256 | |
| VO2+ + 2H+ + e- → VO2+ + H2O | +1.00 | |
| V2O5 + 6H+ + 2e- → 2VO2+ + 3H2O | +0.998 | |
| V2O4 + 4H+ + 2e- → 2VO+ + 2H2O | +0.246 | |
| VO2+ + 2H+ + e- → V3+ + H2O | +0.359 | |
| VO2+ + H+ + e- → VOH2+ | +0.164 | |
| VO2+ + e- → VO+ | - 0.044 | |
| V2O3 + 6H+ + 2e- → 2V2+ + 3H2O | +0.161 | |
| VO+ + 2H+ + e- → V2+ + H2O | +0.126 | |
| VOH2+ + H+ + e- → V2+ + H2O | - 0.082 | |
| V(OH)4+ + 2H+ + e- → VO2+ + 3H2O | +1.00 | |
| V(OH)4+ + 2H+ + e- → VO2+ + 3H2O | +1.02 | (1 mol dm-3 HCl) |
| V(OH)4+ + 2H+ + e- → VO2+ + 3H2O | +1.02 | (1 mol dm-3 HClO4) |
| 22 Titanium | ← | 23 Vanadium | → | 24 Chromium |
Citing this page:
Generalic, Eni. "Vanadium." EniG. Periodic Table of the Elements. KTF-Split, 13 Feb. 2025. Web. {Date of access}. <https://www.periodni.com/v.html>.
