Gd
Gadolinium
GADOLINIUM
TRANSITION ELEMENT: LANTHANIDE
| Atomic number: | 64 |
| Group numbers: | 3 |
| Period: | 6 |
| Electronic configuration: | [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2 |
| Formal oxidation number: | +3 |
| Electronegativities: | 1.2 |
| Atomic radius / pm: | 178.7 |
| Relative atomic mass: | 157.25(3) |
Gadolinium was discovered by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac (CH) in 1880. Named after the mineral gadolinite, named for J. Gadolin, a Finnish chemist and mineralogist. It is a soft, ductile, silvery-white metal that reacts slowly with water and oxygen. Gadolinium dissolves in acids. The metal ignites and burns readily. Gadolinium is found with other rare earths in gadolinite and monazite sand. It is used in steel alloying agents and the manufacture of electronic components. The price of 99.9 % pure gadolinium pieces is 218.80 € for 50 g.
| Density / g dm-3: | 7900.4 | (298 K) |
| Molar volume / cm3mol-1: | 19.90 | (298 K) |
| Electrical resistivity / µΩcm: | 140.5 | (20 °C) |
| Thermal conductivity / W m-1K-1: | 10.6 |
| Melting point / °C: | 1313 |
| Boiling point / °C: | 3273 |
| Heat of fusion / kJ mol-1: | 15.5 |
| Heat of vaporization / kJ mol-1: | 301 |
| Heat of atomization / kJ mol-1: | 398.94 |
| First ionization energy / kJ mol-1: | 593.40 |
| Second ionization energy / kJ mol-1: | 1166.52 |
| Third ionization energy / kJ mol-1: | 1990.51 |
| in the atmosphere / ppm: | - |
| in the Earth's crust / ppm: | 3.3 |
| in the oceans / ppm: | 0.0000002 |
| Crystal structure: | hexagonal |
| Unit-cell dimensions / pm: | a=363.60, c=578.26 |
| Space group: | P63/mmc |
| Isotope | Relative atomic mass | Mass percent (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 152Gd | 151.919788(3) | 0.20(1) |
| 154Gd | 153.920862(3) | 2.18(3) |
| 155Gd | 154.922619(3) | 14.80(5) |
| 156Gd | 155.922120(3) | 20.47(4) |
| 157Gd | 156.923957(3) | 15.65(3) |
| 158Gd | 157.924101(3) | 24.84(12) |
| 160Gd | 159.927051(3) | 21.86(4) |
| Balanced half-reaction | Eo / V | |
|---|---|---|
| 63 Europium | ← | 64 Gadolinium | → | 65 Terbium |
Citing this page:
Generalic, Eni. "Gadolinium." EniG. Periodic Table of the Elements. KTF-Split, 18 Jan. 2024. Web. {Date of access}. <https://www.periodni.com/gd.html>.
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